![]() sanzen dōjō shike status), that is, someone who in the popular literature might be called a Zen master. ![]() According to the regulations, Zen students should be supervised only by a teacher who has attained supervisory certification (i.e. The relatively low status of dharma transmission means that in and of itself it does not qualify one to accept students or to train disciples. To supervise training monks, further qualifications are required: It is only surpassed by "Zenji" which is only applied to Dōgen and Keizan (the founders of the school), and to the current or former abbots of the two head temples of the sect. In Sōtō Zen, the title "Dai-Osho" is the highest priestly rank in a clear monastic hierarchy. " Oshō", "virtuous monk/priest" is used for trainees who have acquired a basic level of priesthood." Sensei" (simply "teacher") is often applied in addressing the Zen teacher or "master"." Rōshi" ("old teacher") is traditionally an honorific title given to older monks and Zen teachers in Japan, though both "sensei" and "roshi" have come to denote official or semi-official ranks within some Zen schools in Japan, the United States and Europe." Shike" is used for a select group of people, both in Rinzai and Soto, who are qualified to supervise the training of priests-to-be in the sodos, the training halls.There is no standard official title for "Zen Master" across the various Zen traditions in Japan. The general term "Lǎoshī" (老師 Teacher) is also used to address a master as one's teacher, but this term is a general one, so much so that it is used for a teacher of any subject. The term "Făshī" (法師 Dharma teacher) is more generic, and is used both by lay Buddhists and also by Buddhists monastics themselves. Strictly speaking, this term, which includes the relational term for "father" (父), refers more to one's own teacher or preceptor. The more common term when addressing a Buddhist master is " Shīfu" (師父 Master), which is also used for any monk or nun as a matter of respect. The same is true for the simple title "Dàshī" (大師 Great Master) which is rarely used to address a Dharma teacher (and any master of a specific craft or trade) the term is often bestowed posthumously by followers and students, although there are some exceptions (e.g. "Chánzōng Dàshī" (禅宗大師 Great Master of the Chán School) is a similar and more specific honorary term, though rather rare. While there are no official organizations to regulate the use of honorary titles, "chánshī" is used as a title of respect for an adept, typically a monk, who specializes in Chán. This has been the norm for the past 1000 years, since the Song Dynasty. Many temples belong to the Chan school in name, but also embrace and integrate teachings and practices from other Chinese Buddhist traditions, including those of Tiantai, Pure Land, Huayan, Tangmi, and Yogacara schools, often under the umbrella term " Chinese Buddhism" (中國佛教). Some senior practitioners may also have received transmission from lineages of other Buddhist schools, such as Tiantai and Huayan, in addition to Chan. For monastics, most Chan practitioners receive transmission into certain Chan lineages, most commonly either the Lingji or Caodong lineage, which are the most dominant Chan lineages in modern Chinese Buddhism. The majority of lay people are not formally tied to a particular "school" of Buddhist practice. ![]() In contemporary China, the term "Chán" (禪), being simply one of many terms for forms of meditation, is not limited to the Chan school alone. This included several important figures who were later not considered to be part of the " Chán school" per se, such as Tiantai Master Zhiyi. Until the Tang Dynasty, the term "Chánshī" (禅师 Dhyana Master) was regularly used for a monk who was a master of chan, or meditation, versus those who specialized in Dharma (scriptural teachings) and Vinaya (discipline and moral precepts). Zen master is a somewhat vague English term that arose in the first half of the 20th century, sometimes used to refer to an individual who teaches Zen Buddhist meditation and practices, usually implying longtime study and subsequent authorization to teach and transmit the tradition themselves.
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